Document Type
Article
Publication Date
7-9-2026
Journal / Book Title
BMC Biology
Abstract
Background: Mosquitoes transmit a diverse range of deadly pathogens, including dengue and Plasmodium spp., when they consume the blood of vertebrate hosts in order to nutritionally provision their eggs. However, mosquito species from multiple genera have independently evolved the ability to produce eggs without blood. The molecular and physiological processes underlying the evolution of blood-independent reproduction are largely unresolved, in part because the two most well-studied models of mosquito reproductive physiology and genetics are obligate blood feeders. Herein, we integrate life-history, genomics, and gene expression to identify physiological processes and candidate genes associated with the evolution of blood-independent reproduction in a non-model vector mosquito, Aedes albopictus.
Results: Relative to a blood-dependent (control) population, females selected for blood-independent reproduction exhibit a longer larval development period and larger adult size, implying increased nutrient sequestration at the larval stage. Additionally, blood-independent larvae exhibit higher expression of amino acid and lipid storage genes (hex1.1 and lsd-2) relative to blood-dependent larvae. Linkage clusters and FST outliers identify a ca. 40 Mb genomic region that is highly differentiated between blood-independent and blood-dependent lines. Moreover, microRNAs and mRNAs related to reproductive physiology are differentially abundant between adults of the selected vs. control lines.
Conclusions: Multiple lines of evidence indicate that larval nutrient sequestration and altered regulation of vitellogenesis have contributed to the rapid evolution of blood-independent reproduction in Ae. albopictus. Overlapping evidence also identifies proposed candidate genes affecting these processes. These results provide a foundation for developing novel paradigms to suppress disease transmission by vector mosquitoes.
DOI
10.1186/s12915-026-02670-z
Montclair State University Digital Commons Citation
Sturiale, Samantha L.; Heilig, Mara; Aardema, Matthew L.; Cosme, Luciano V.; Corley, Margaret; Marzec, Sarah; Hamilton, Micah; Vizcarra, Daniel; Anderson, Luke T.; Holzapfel, Christina M.; Bradshaw, William E.; Meuti, Megan E.; Caccone, Adalgisa; and Armbruster, Peter A., "The evolution of reproduction without blood feeding in an invasive vector mosquito Aedes albopictus" (2026). Department of Biology Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works. 589.
https://digitalcommons.montclair.edu/biology-facpubs/589
Rights
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License
Published Citation
Sturiale, S.L., Heilig, M., Aardema, M.L. et al. The evolution of reproduction without blood feeding in an invasive vector mosquito Aedes albopictus. BMC Biol 24, 205 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-026-02670-z