Roman Concrete: How Was It Made and Does It Have Modern Uses?

Roman built concrete structures have a remarkable longevity, even when exposed to water. Modern concrete displays much quicker rates of age and decay and require the reinforcement of rebar for extra strength. The mystery of why Roman concrete performs so well is one that has interested researchers for many years. In recent weeks, new research has been published that suggests that the mixing process is the key to understanding Roman concrete. Limestone artifacts have been found within the concrete. These limestone artifacts only occur when heat is involved. This suggests that Roman concrete was mixed hot which differs from the cold mixing process of modern cement. Could Roman concrete be used in modern applications? Previous theories about the composition of Roman concrete will be discussed and compared to modern recipes. Specifically, the use of volcanic ash by the Roman’s as a significant component of the concrete mixture. The most recent research relating to Roman concrete composition indicates that Roman concrete was mixed at a high temperature. Could this be a crucial factor in discovering the secret to the strength and longevity of Roman concrete as compared to modern concrete? If the secret to Roman concrete production is cracked, could Roman concrete once again be used to create feats never seen before in architecture? Could it replace modern Portland cement all together? Is Roman concrete the key to unlocking a great new era of architecture? This paper will investigate all these questions through analysis of the latest research publications in the field and through material remains of concrete based Roman architecture.