Document Type

Article

Publication Date

2-2026

Journal / Book Title

International Journal of Human-Computer Studies

Abstract

Neuropsychological tests assessing attention and executive function (EF) in individuals with ADHD demonstrate little to no association with real-world ratings of ADHD behaviors. To address this critical gap, this study developed metrics that can analyze automatically collected data to measure levels of attention, motivation, and effort in emerging adults with ADHD. Specifically, we used virtual reality to simulate a study space and collect in-the-moment computer activity data while university students with ADHD (N = 21; 38% female) engaged in 12 sessions (total 180 h) of real-world tasks. To identify common sequences we performed a qualitative analysis of this work session data (i.e., descriptive window titles, input levels, and window switches), resulting in four themes representing positive and negative work activity patterns. From these themes we derived four metrics, and a quantitative analysis showed that two predicted behavioral indices of attention, effort, and motivation with effects in the moderate range. To our knowledge, we are the first group to design and test such an approach, as well as validate identified computer metrics to behavioral indices of attention and EF. Given the automated nature of computer data collection and analysis, this approach represents a scalable, novel method for ADHD assessment and treatment.

DOI

10.1016/j.ijhcs.2025.103724

Rights

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Published Citation

Da Costa, Matheus B., et al. “Towards Ecological Validity When Assessing ADHD Symptoms: Patterns in Automatically Collected, Real-World PC Activity Data.” International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol. 209, Feb. 2026, p. 103724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2025.103724.

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