Submissions from 2026
Dual challenges, shared wins: unlocking climate financing for nutrition, Chiara Dell’Aira, Natalia Rovelo-Velazquez, Sarah LaHaye, Xiu Xin Catherine Lok, Stella Nordhagen, Stephen Dorey, and Mireya Vilar-Compte (2026)
Reduced vascular function, ventilatory efficiency and exercise capacity in young adult electronic cigarette users, Azmy Faisal, Agata Giles, Sarah Jones, Christopher I. Morse, Hans Degens, Caroline J. Jolley, Steven K. Rogers, Rashid Ahmed, Amany F. Elbehairy, and Rehan T. Junejo (2026)
The Food Ethics, Sustainability and Alternatives Course: A Mixed Assessment of University Students’ Readiness for Change, Charles Feldman and Stephanie A. Navarro Silvera (2026)
Teachable Moments: Development of an Environmental Health Behavior Change Tool for Pregnant Women and Parents, Rebecca H. Ofrane and Stella Agolli (2026)
The Health Communications Assessment Checklist: a teaching tool for uncovering bias in the age of AI, Rebecca H. Ofrane, Taliah Canada, and Amanda S. Birnbaum (2026)
Depressive Symptoms, Campus Connectedness, and Campus Climate Related to Sexual Violence and Misconduct, Stephanie A. Navarro Silvera, Amanda S. Birnbaum, Eva S. Goldfarb, Ranju Mainali, and Lisa D. Lieberman (2026)
Submissions from 2025
Correlates of Professional Breastfeeding Perceived Role, Perceived Influence, and Confidence in Providing Lactation Support Among Registered Dietitians and Registered Nurses, Lauren M. Dinour, Melanie Shefchik, and Andrea Uguna (2025)
The cross-sectional association between state-level public health funding per capita and physical health among adults in the United States, Stephen Hunter, Sze Y. Liu, Daniel M. Cook, Kia L. Davis, Brendan T. Smith, and Roman Pabayo (2025)
Is universal health coverage really better? Unintended consequences of the 2019 Amendment of the National Health Insurance Act for humanitarian sojourners in South Korea, Minji Ju, Minah Kang, and Eunice Y. Park (2025)
Is universal health coverage really better? Unintended consequences of the 2019 Amendment of the National Health Insurance Act for humanitarian sojourners in South Korea, Minji Ju, Minah Kang, and Eunice Y. Park (2025)
State Schooling Policies and Cognitive Performance Trajectories: A Natural Experiment in a National US Cohort of Black and White Adults, Min Hee Kim, Sze Yan Liu, Willa D. Brenowitz, Audrey R. Murchland, Thu T. Nguyen, Jennifer J. Manly, Virginia J. Howard, Marilyn D. Thomas, Tanisha Hill-Jarrett, Michael Crowe, Charles F. Murchison, and M. Maria Glymour (2025)
Remembering Konstance McCaffree, Ph.D. (July 5, 1942–July 25, 2024), Jean Levitan and Eva S. Goldfarb (2025)
Barriers to Birth Center Integration Into the Perinatal Health System in New Jersey: A Qualitative Analysis, Rebecca H. Ofrane, Slawa Rokicki, Julie Blumenfeld, and Leslie Kantor (2025)
Financial Barriers to Expanded Birth Center Access in New Jersey: A Qualitative Thematic Analysis, Rebecca H. Ofrane, Slawa Rokicki, Leslie Kantor, and Julie Blumenfeld (2025)
Is neighborhood sense of community good for mental health in a pandemic? Paradoxical findings from longitudinal analyses of Wisconsin health survey, Eunice Y. Park, Jodi H. Barnet, Kristen C. Malecki, and Thomas R. Oliver (2025)
Work demands and mental health: the mediating effects of resilience and sense of belonging among college students, Eunice Y. Park, Michael T. Bixter, Christopher Donoghue, Richard S. Reinschmidt, Junius J. Gonzales, Lauren E. Chow, and Fatima D. Perez (2025)
Geographic disparities in birth outcomes: County-level investigation on PM2.5 and low birth weight in the United States, Eunice Y. Park and Ranju Mainali (2025)
Self-reported hearing loss and health during a pandemic: Findings from a cross-sectional analysis using a 2021 household survey, Eunice Y. Park, Erin R. Nelson-Bakkum, Amy A. Schultz, and Lauren K. Dillard (2025)
Is It Rape or Consent? College Men Just Don’t Know, Stephanie A. Navarro Silvera, Eva S. S. Goldfarb, Amanda S. Birnbaum, and Lisa D. Lieberman (2025)
Submissions from 2024
Menopause and autism: Towards a public health framework, Amanda Birnbaum, Alicia Broderick, Caprice Benoit, and Bhumi Patel (2024)
Representation Matters: Content Analysis of Breastfeeding Images in a Commercial Stock Image Bank, Lauren M. Dinour and Melanie Shefchik (2024)
Public Health Implications of Social Media on Adolescent Health Behaviors: Upstream Approaches to Prevention Strategies, Joseph Donnelly and Elena Saldutti (2024)
Predictors of persistent moderate and severe food insecurity in a longitudinal survey in Mexico during the COVID-19 pandemic, Pablo Gaitán-Rossi, Alan Hernández-Solano, Vitervo López-Caballero, René Zurita-Corro, Ximena García-Ruiz, Víctor Pérez-Hernández, and Mireya Vilar-Compte (2024)
Breastfeeding among women employed in Mexico’s informal sector: strategies to overcome key barriers, Julia M. Goodman, Vania Lara-Mejía, Sonia Hernández-Cordero, and Mireya Vilar-Compte (2024)
Examining aid fragmentation and collaboration opportunities in Cambodia’s health sector, Suyeon Lee and Eunice Y. Park (2024)
Factors associated with loneliness in Latin-American family care partners during the COVID-19 pandemic, Tomas Leon, Thamara Tapia-Munoz, Andrea Slachevsky, Bárbara Costa Beber, Fernando Aguzzoli, Carla Nubia, Mireya Vilar-Compte, Pablo Gaitan-Rossi, Loreto Olavarria, Loreto Castro, Alejandra Pinto, Tania Guajardo, R. Emilia Grycuk, Yaohua Chen, and Iracema Leroi (2024)
Voting Restrictions and Increased Odds of Adverse Birth Outcomes in the US, Sze Yan Liu, Erin Grinshteyn, Daniel Cook, and Roman Pabayo (2024)
Official multidimensional measurement of poverty in Mexico: Scope and limitations, Miguel Reyes, Graciela Teruel, Mireya Vilar, Oliver López, and Vanessa Pérez (2024)
Enhancing Health Education: The Role of Social Emotional Learning in PreK-12 Students' Well-being, Elena Saldutti, Joseph Donnelly, Judy LoBianco, and Mary Connolly (2024)
Racial and ethnic differences in perceptions of campus climate related to sexual violence, S. A.N. Silvera, E. Goldfarb, A. S. Birnbaum, A. Kaplan, J. Bavaro, M. Guzman, and L. Lieberman (2024)
Commercial milk formula marketing entry points: setting the course of infant and young child feeding trajectories, Mireya Vilar-Compte, Sonia Hernández-Cordero, Rafael Pérez-Escamilla, and Cecília Tomori (2024)
Submissions from 2023
Can changing neighborhoods influence mental health? An ecological analysis of gentrification and neighborhood-level serious psychological distress—New York City, 2002–2015, Karen A. Alroy, Haleigh Cavalier, Aldo Crossa, Shu Meir Wang, Sze Yan Liu, Christina Norman, Michael Sanderson, L. Hannah Gould, and Sung woo Lim (2023)
Implementation of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative in Mexico: a systematic literature review using the RE-AIM framework, Angela K. Bueno, Mireya Vilar-Compte, Valeria Cruz-Villalba, Natalia Rovelo-Velázquez, Elizabeth C. Rhodes, and Rafael Pérez-Escamilla (2023)
Public Health Implications: A Scoping Review of Opioid Prevention Programs Among Adolescents, Joseph Donnelly, Elena Saldutti, Lisa Ellis Gavin, and Michael Hecht (2023)
Adaptation of a community health outreach model during the COVID-19 pandemic: the case of the Mexican consulates in the United States of America, Pablo Gaitán-Rossi, Mireya Vilar-Compte, and Arturo Vargas Bustamante (2023)
Association between Feelings of Trust and Security with Subjective Health among Mexican Migrants in the New York City Area, Pablo Gaitán-Rossi, Mireya Vilar-Compte, Isabel Ferré-Eguiluz, Luis Ortiz, and Erika Garcia (2023)
Healthcare professionals and commercial milk formula recommendations in the urban Mexican context, Sonia Hernández-Cordero, Mireya Vilar-Compte, Cecília Tomori, Vania Lara-Mejía, Natalia Rovelo-Velázquez, Keily Hayes, and Rafael Pérez-Escamilla (2023)
An analysis of actors participating in the design and implementation of workplace breastfeeding interventions in Mexico using the NetMap analysis approach, Kathrin Litwan, Vania Lara-Mejía, Teresa Chahine, Sonia Hernández-Cordero, Mireya Vilar-Compte, and Rafael Pérez-Escamilla (2023)
Increased female political representation associated with lower county-level uninsured and preventable hospitalizations rates in the US, 2013-2018, Sze Yan Liu (2023)
The association between reproductive rights and access to abortion services and mental health among US women, Sze Yan Liu, Claire Benny, Erin Grinshteyn, Amy Ehntholt, Daniel Cook, and Roman Pabayo (2023)
Voting restrictions associated with health inequities in teenage birth rates, R. Pabayo, S. Y. Liu, E. Grinshteyn, B. Steele, D. M. Cook, and P. Muennig (2023)
Knowledge of Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer Among Low-Income Women in New Jersey, Stephanie A.Navarro Silvera, Alejandra M. Kaplan, and Priscila Laforet (2023)
Submissions from 2022
Development and validation of a new set of indicators to assess the quality of maternal and child nutritional care at the primary care, Monica Ancira-Moreno, Isabel Omaña-Guzmán, Arturo Cuauhtémoc Bautista-Morales, Omar Acosta-Ruiz, Sonia Hernández Cordero, Soraya Burrola-Méndez, Mireya Vilar-Compte, Eric Monterrubio Flores, Martha Kaufer-Horwitz, Cecilia Pérez Navarro, Cinthya Muñoz-Manrique, Mónica Mazariegos, Alejandra Trejo-Domínguez, Belen Sánchez Muzquiz, and Ariana Cajero (2022)
How much does it cost to implement the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative training step in the United States and Mexico?, Kendall J. Arslanian, Mireya Vilar-Compte, Graciela Teruel, Annel Lozano-Marrufo, Elizabeth C. Rhodes, Amber Hromi-Fiedler, Erika García, and Rafael Pérez-Escamilla (2022)
Country-level association of socio-cultural factors with the burden of four common mental disorders. An ecological analysis using the Global Burden of Disease database, Guillaume Barbalat and Sze Yan Liu (2022)
Assessing Sexual Assault and Harassment at Montclair State University: Research Abstracts, Amanda Birnbaum, Eva Goldfarb, Lisa Lieberman, and Stephanie A. Navarro Silvera (2022)
Estimating the costs for implementing a maternity leave cash transfer program for women employed in the informal sector in Brazil and Ghana, Grace Carroll, Mireya Vilar-Compte, Graciela Teruel, Meztli Moncada, David Aban-Tamayo, Heitor Werneck, Ricardo Montes de Moraes, and Rafael Pérez-Escamilla (2022)
Public Health Implications of Cannabis Legalization: An Exploration of Adolescent Use and Evidence-Based Interventions, Joseph Donnelly, Michael Young, Brenda Marshall, Michael L. Hecht, and Elena Saldutti (2022)
Barriers to COVID-19 vaccination among older adults in Mexico City, Pablo Gaitán-Rossi, Miranda Mendez-Rosenzweig, Erika García-Alberto, and Mireya Vilar-Compte (2022)
Reply to the commentary of the article "Monthly prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico", Pablo Gaitán-Rossi, Víctor Pérez-Hernández, Mireya Vilar-Compte, and Graciela Teruel-Belismelis (2022)
A Qualitative Assessment of the Essential Health and Nutrition Service Delivery in the Context of COVID-19 in Bangladesh: The Perspective of Divisional Directors, Pablo Gaitán-Rossi, Mireya Vilar-Compte, Valeria Cruz-Villalba, Nazme Sabina, and Manuela Villar-Uribe (2022)
High School Sex Education in the Context of State Mandates and Policies in New Jersey: a Qualitative Retrospective Study of Student Experiences, Eva S. Goldfarb, Lisa D. Lieberman, and Jacqueline Bible (2022)
Exposure to marketing of breastmilk substitutes in Mexican women: Sources and scope, Sonia Hernández-Cordero, Mireya Vilar-Compte, Ana Cristina Castañeda-Márquez, Nigel Rollins, Gillian Kingston, and Rafael Pérez-Escamilla (2022)
Implementation of Breastfeeding Policies at Workplace in Mexico: Analysis of Context Using a Realist Approach, Sonia Hernández-Cordero, Mireya Vilar-Compte, Kathrin Litwan, Vania Lara-Mejía, Natalia Rovelo-Velázquez, Mónica Ancira-Moreno, Matthias Sachse-Aguilera, and Fernanda Cobo-Armijo (2022)
Risk factors for loneliness in family caregivers of people with dementia and enduring mental health conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America, Tomas Leon, Claudia Miranda-Castillo, Andrea Slachevsky, Thamara Tapia-Muñoz, Loreto Olavarria, Loreto Castro, Alejandra Pinto, Yaohua Sophie Chen, Iracema Leroi, Brian Lawlor, Claudia Duran-Aniotz, Emilia Grycuk, Bárbara Costa Beber, Fernando Aguzzoli Peres, Carla Nubia, Pablo Gaitan, Mireya Vilar-Compte, and Roger O'Sullivan (2022)
Sex Ed in the Post-Roe World: Implications for Public Health Education, Lisa D. Lieberman and Eva S. S. Goldfarb (2022)
Long-Term Impact of Medical Marijuana Laws on the Burden of Cannabis Use Disorders in US Male and Female Adolescents and Young Adults, Sze Yan Liu (2022)
Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and health outcomes in low‐ and middle‐income countries, Sze Yan Liu (2022)
The Bidirectional Relationship between Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Social Support in a 9/11-Exposed Cohort: A Longitudinal Cross-Lagged Analysis, Sze Yan Liu, Jiehui Li, Lydia F. Leon, Ralf Schwarzer, and James E. Cone (2022)
Aproximación al consumo de alimentos recomendables y no recomendables en la primera ola de la pandemia por Covid-19 en México, Erika Lozano-Hidalgo, Mauricio Hernández-Fernández, Pablo Gaitán-Rossi, and Mireya Vilar-Compte (2022)
Financial Barriers to Mental Healthcare Services and Depressive Symptoms among Residents of Washington Heights, New York City, Roman Pabayo, Claire Benny, Sze Yan Liu, Erin Grinshteyn, and Peter Muennig (2022)
The relationship between voting restrictions and COVID-19 case and mortality rates between US counties, Roman Pabayo, Erin Grinshteyn, Brian Steele, Peter Muennig, and Sze Yan Liu (2022)
Sleepless in inequality: findings from the 2018 behavioral risk factor surveillance system, a cross-sectional study, Roman Pabayo, Priya Patel, Sze Yan Liu, and Beth E. Molnar (2022)
Impact of prelacteal feeds and neonatal introduction of breast milk substitutes on breastfeeding outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Rafael Pérez-Escamilla, Amber Hromi-Fiedler, Elizabeth C. Rhodes, Paulo A.R. Neves, Juliana Vaz, Mireya Vilar-Compte, Sofia Segura-Pérez, and Kate Nyhan (2022)
Risk factors for self-reported insufficient milk during the first 6 months of life: A systematic review, Sofia Segura-Pérez, Linda Richter, Elizabeth C. Rhodes, Amber Hromi-Fiedler, Mireya Vilar-Compte, Misikir Adnew, Kate Nyhan, and Rafael Pérez-Escamilla (2022)
Associations of the COVID-19 pandemic with social well-being indicators in Mexico, M. Vilar-Compte, M. Hernández-F, P. Gaitán-Rossi, V. Pérez, and G. Teruel (2022)
Follow-up and growing-up formula promotion among Mexican pregnant women and mothers of children under 18 months old, Mireya Vilar-Compte, Sonia Hernández Cordero, Ana C. Castañeda-Márquez, Nigel Rollins, Gillian Kingston, and Rafael Pérez-Escamilla (2022)
Impact of baby behaviour on caregiver's infant feeding decisions during the first 6 months of life: A systematic review, Mireya Vilar-Compte, Rafael Pérez-Escamilla, Dania Orta-Aleman, Valeria Cruz-Villalba, Sofía Segura-Pérez, Kate Nyhan, and Linda M. Richter (2022)
Interventions and policy approaches to promote equity in breastfeeding, M. Vilar-Compte, R. Pérez-Escamilla, and A. L. Ruano (2022)
Submissions from 2021
Advocates and researchers working together to improve school health education, Joseph Donnelly, Michael Young, and Katherine J. Roberts (2021)
Prevalencia mensual de trastorno de ansiedad generalizada durante la pandemia por Covid-19 en México, Pablo Gaitán-Rossi, Víctor Pérez-Hernández, Mireya Vilar-Compte, and Graciela Teruel-Belismelis (2021)
Food insecurity measurement and prevalence estimates during the COVID-19 pandemic in a repeated cross-sectional survey in Mexico, Pablo Gaitán-Rossi, Mireya Vilar-Compte, Graciela Teruel, and Rafael Pérez-Escamilla (2021)
Earned Distrust: Systemic Issues Contributing to the Black Population’s COVID-19 Vaccine Trepidation, Tamara Leech and Krissantonia Kerr (2021)
Dynamic residential movement and depression among the World Trade Center Health Registry enrollees, Sungwoo Lim, Sze Yan Liu, Jennifer Brite, Aldo Crossa, Sean Locke, Cristina Pollari, and Maria Baquero (2021)
Effect of adult’s workplace harassment on child’s odds of mental health problem, Sze Yan Liu (2021)
From Restrictions to Outright Challenges: Abortion Laws and Population Health, Sze Yan Liu, Amy Ehntholt, Daniel M. Cook, and Roman Pabayo (2021)
Difference in Hospital Utilization Within the First 12 Months Among Low-Birth-Weight Infants in Medicaid Managed Care Versus Fee-for-Service: A Regression Discontinuity Study, Sze Yan Liu and Sungwoo Lim (2021)
Perceived Discrimination and Increased Odds of Unmet Medical Needs Among US Children, Sze Yan Liu, Roman Pabayo, and Peter Muennig (2021)
Impact of the covid-19 pandemic on loneliness and social isolation: A multi-country study, Roger O’Sullivan, Annette Burns, Gerard Leavey, Iracema Leroi, Vanessa Burholt, James Lubben, Julianne Holt-Lunstad, Christina Victor, Brian Lawlor, Mireya Vilar-Compte, Carla M. Perissinotto, Mark A. Tully, Mary Pat Sullivan, Michael Rosato, Joanna McHugh Power, Elisa Tiilikainen, and Thomas R. Prohaska (2021)
Barriers to Voting and Access to Health Insurance Among US Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study, Roman Pabayo, Sze Yan Liu, Erin Grinshteyn, Daniel M. Cook, and Peter Muennig (2021)
Implementation of childhood obesity prevention and control policies in the United States and Latin America: Lessons for cross-border research and practice, Rafael Perez-Escamilla, Mireya Vilar-Compte, Elizabeth Rhodes, Olga L. Sarmiento, Camila Corvalan, Rachel Sturke, and Susan Vorkoper (2021)
The yearly financing need of providing paid maternity leave in the informal sector in Indonesia, Adiatma Y. M. Siregar, Pipit Pitriyan, Donny Hardiawan, Paul Zambrano, Mireya Vilar-Compte, Graciela Ma Teruel Belismelis, Meztli Moncada, David Tamayo, Grace Carroll, Rafael Perez-Escamilla, and Roger Mathisen (2021)
The financing need for expanding paid maternity leave to support breastfeeding in the informal sector in the Philippines, Valerie Gilbert Ulep, Paul Zambrano, Janice Datu-Sanguyo, Mireya Vilar-Compte, Graciela MaTeruel Belismelis, Rafael Pérez-Escamilla, Grace J. Carrol, and Roger Mathisen (2021)
Migration as a determinant of childhood obesity in the United States and Latin America, Mireya Vilar-Compte, Arturo V. Bustamante, Nancy López-Olmedo, Pablo Gaitán-Rossi, Jaqueline Torres, Karen E. Peterson, Graciela Teruel, and Rafael Pérez-Escamilla (2021)
La migración como determinante de la obesidad infantil en Estados Unidos y Latinoamérica, Mireya Vilar-Compte, Arturo V. Bustamante, Nancy López-Olmedo, Pablo Gaitán-Ross, Jaqueline Torres, Karen E. Peterson, Graciela Teruel, and Rafael Pérez-Escamilla (2021)
Pre-COVID-19 Social Determinants of Health Among Mexican Migrants in Los Angeles and New York City and Their Increased Vulnerability to Unfavorable Health Outcomes During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Mireya Vilar-Compte, Pablo Gaitán‐Rossi, Lucía Félix‐Beltrán, and Arturo V. Bustamante (2021)
Breastfeeding media coverage and beliefs during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico: implications for breastfeeding equity, Mireya Vilar-Compte, P. Gaitán‐Rossi, E. C. Rhodes, V. Cruz‐Villalba, and R. Pérez‐Escamilla (2021)
Implementación de políticas de prevención y control de la obesidad infantil en Estados Unidos y Latinoamérica: lecciones para la investigación y la práctica transfronterizas, Mireya Vilar-Compte, Rafael Perez-Escamilla, Elizabeth Rhodes, Olga L. Sarmiento, Camila Corvalan, Rachel Sturke, and Susan Vorkoper (2021)
Submissions from 2020
A retrospective analysis of sex education messages received by LGB youth, Jacqueline Bible, Alejandra Kaplan, Lisa D. Lieberman, and Eva Goldfarb (2020)
Association between breastfeeding and child stunting in Mexico, Ana Paola Campos, Mireya Vilar-Compte, and Summer Sherburne Hawkins (2020)
A Comparison of Common Health Indicators From Two Surveys of Latinos in the Bronx, New York, Aldo Crossa; Jillian Jessup; Sze Yan Liu; Carmen R, Isasi; David B. Hanna; Simin Hua; Fangtao He; Amber Levanon Seligson; and Sungwoo Lim (2020)
Three Decades of Research: The Case for Comprehensive Sex Education, Eva Goldfarb and Lisa D. Lieberman (2020)
State-level income inequality and the odds for meeting fruit and vegetable recommendations among US adults, Masako Horino, Sze Yan Liu, Eun-Young Lee, Ichiro Kawachi, and Roman Pabayo (2020)
Factors Associated with Binge Drinking during the Transition into Adulthood: Exploring Associations Within Two Distinct Young Adult Age Ranges, Tamara Leech, Sarah Jacobs, and Denis Watson (2020)
Strategic partners: Enhancing the ability of foster care agencies to serve the special needs of young mothers, Lisa D. Lieberman, Alejandra Kaplan, Laura Scholey, Jeremy Kohomban, and Linda Lausell-Bryant (2020)
Housing stability and diabetes among people living in New York city public housing, Sungwoo Lim, Sze Yan Liu, Melanie H. Jacobson, Eugenie Poirot, Aldo Crossa, Sean Locke, Jennifer Brite, Elizabeth Hamby, Zinzi Bailey, and Stephanie Farquhar (2020)
Association between racial discrimination and health‐related quality of life and the impact of social relationships, Sze Yan Liu, Genevieve Bergeron, Nneka Lundy De La Cruz, L. Hannah Gould, and Amber Levanon Seligson (2020)
Collective Trauma and Mental Health Hospitalization Rates Among Children in New York State, 1999–2013: Age, Period, and Cohort Effects, Sze Yan Liu and Sungwoo Lim (2020)
Impact of law enforcement-related deaths of unarmed black New Yorkers on emergency department rates, New York 2013–2016, Sze Yan Liu, Sungwoo Lim DrPH, and L Hannah Gould PhD (2020)
Laws Restricting Access to Abortion Services and Infant Mortality Risk in the United States, Roman Pabayo, Amy Ehntholt, Daniel M. Cook, Megan Reynolds, Peter Muennig, and Sze Yan Liu (2020)